Teenage Pregnancy A Serious Problem - 1690 Words

Teenage pregnancy is widely viewed in our society as a serious problem. According to Pregnant Teen Help, over 750,000 teenagers will get pregnant each year. This is a statistic that has lowered in numbers since the 1990’s mainly due to more teen pregnancy prevention programs in schools and contraceptive availability(). The United States has the highest teen pregnancy rate than any other industrialized country in the world. About a third of these teens abort their pregnancies, 14 percent suffer a miscarriage, and 52 percent take their pregnancy to a full term, 72 percent of these teenagers are out of wedlock (). Many of these teenage girls that become pregnant end up with disastrous results they either leave school altogether or miss an entire year due to the pregnancy, thus graduating a year later. They receive low grades or fail due to excessive absences related to health issues. Once the child is born some teenage mothers do not have time to complete homework assignments bec ause they are too tired after seeing to their child’s needs. Teenage pregnancy is an important social issue because becoming a mother at such a young age, the risk of social and economic disadvantage tends to be greater. The majority of teenage mothers come from very low income families and in the communities in which they live in they are surrounded with weak public school systems and dangerous environments such as drugs, delinquency and gang members. Already coming from a weak background and to thatShow MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy Causes Serious Physical And Emotional Problems1369 Words   |  6 Pages Teen pregnancy causes serious physical and emotional problems for adolescent mothers, therefore there should be steps taken to prevent such things from happening. I have a close friend who got pregnant at the age of fifteen. It was a mega crisis for her and her baby. It caused a heartbreaking feud between my friend and her parents, as well as her schooling, leading her to drop out of high school. The emotional stress she gained was harming her body. The baby’s father wanted nothing to do with theRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1121 Words   |  5 Pages11/20/2017 Teen Pregnancy The fearless of all parents who have teenagers is pregnancy. Nowadays, teen pregnancy is a serious problem. Teenage have a lack of skills to handle a pregnancy. So that impact strongly on the future of a young woman. Teen pregnancy is associated with negative consequences for adolescents for three reasons: lack of education, medical complication, uncertainty about the future, and financial difficulties. First, the main causes of teenage pregnancy are the lack of educationRead MoreEssay on The Impact of Teen Pregnancy on the American People832 Words   |  4 PagesThe Impact of Teen Pregnancy on the American People Although the rate of teenage pregnancy in the United States has been on an overall decline, it remains the highest in the entire world. Teenage pregnancy is obviously still a problem in todays American society with roughly 97 per 1000 women aged 15-19, which rounds up to be roughly one million teenagers, becoming pregnant each year. Interestingly enough, 78% of these pregnancies are unintended. The births of these children are not onlyRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy in City of Los Angeles644 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Teenage Pregnancy 2 Running head: Teenage Pregnancy 1 Teenage Pregnancy in City of Los Angeles Teenage Pregnancy in City of Los Angeles This paper casts light upon the health issues related to teenage pregnancy in the city of Los Angeles. Teenage pregnancy is an important issue as it affects multiple aspects of population growth, women health and economic conditions. Los Angeles is situated in the south of state of California, USA. It enjoys significant portion of eminence when rated inRead MoreThe Responses That Briggs Et Al1743 Words   |  7 Pageset al. (2013) showed that 5% of women said that influences from family or friends was a reason to seek an abortion. This included thinking that a baby would have a negative impact on their family or friends, not wanting others to know about the pregnancy and judge them, and/or peer pressure from friends and family. Briggs et al. (2013) also found women reported not wanting to have to put the baby up for adoption and/or not wanting the baby as a reason for seeking abortion, which was 4% of responsesRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pagesthe world, the United States has the highest incidence of teen pregnancy. Although there has been a decline in the number of pregnancies among adolescents, teen pregnancy is still a serious health concern that needs continued intervention. It is wid ely agreed upon that becoming pregnant at a young age has negative effects on both mother and baby in many different aspects. What are the reasons for the increased rate of teen pregnancies in the United States despite the health risks, and how can we lowerRead MoreCause and Effect of Teen Pregnancy1043 Words   |  4 Pagesof teen pregnancy Teenagers suffering health problems is high Many teenagers will try to hide the pregnancy from their parents and teachers, in doing this they do not get the initial medical attention required during the first months of pregnancy. It is estimated that 33% of teenage pregnancy fail to receive necessary prenatal care. The lack of prenatal care leads to increased risk of anemia, miscarriage, and high blood pressure to the teenager. Many teenagers will hide their pregnancy becauseRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Essay760 Words   |  4 PagesTeenage pregnancy is a huge problem that the United States faces today. Amongst other countries the United States has the highest rates of teen pregnancy (Ayadi, Kuo, Adams Gavin, 2010; Minnick Shandler, 2011). In the year 2015 the Center for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) reported that the birth rate was twenty two point three per thousand for young women ages 15-19 (2015). It also stated that of births to single women were to teenage mothers in 2009 (Ayadi et al., 2010). 14 million babiesRead MoreBirth Control Access to Teens1463 Words   |  6 PagesFormal Outline Topic: Birth control access to teenage girls Thesis statement: Although teenage girls are prohibited from purchasing birth control, laws should be implemented to allow access to birth control as a means of managing safer sex, preventing the health risks and guarding them from the cycle of poverty. 1. Reasons for not allowing birth control to be given to teenagers A. It encourages sexual activity (Sex with many partners -promiscuity) B. Abstinence should be promoted Read MoreTeen Pregnancy, Do We Really Know The Facts?1169 Words   |  5 PagesTeen pregnancy, do we really know the facts? Do we even know the common early signs of early pregnancy? Teenagers tend to close themselves off when they find out they are pregnant. Teenagers can not predict what life will be like with a new baby. They will go through several different emotions, exhaustion, and peer pressure-related stress. Teenage mothers are more likely to have lower school achievement and often drop out of school and develop health problems and also face unemployment as young

Critical Thinking Assignment Recruitment Case Study

Critical Thinking Assignment – Recruitment Case Study To hire or not to hire, this is the question many organizations ask themselves when interviewing applicants, especially if the applicants are similar in skill sets and meet all requirements for the position in which they are interviewing for. Imagine doing a mass hiring of approximate 30,000 applicants. Just because you are doing mass hiring, it does mean that you should settle or expect less in an applicant. To ensure that all applications are reviewed, an organization must implement a plan of action to ensure the organization has obtained qualified applicants; furthermore ensuring applicants are looked at equally according to employment laws. Affirmative Action Strategy Various factors could potentially affect not only the number of available applicants, but the quality as well. To ensure employment laws are adhered to, an affirmative strategy is strongly encouraged and would include Executive Order 10925 for Equal Employment Opportunity to include main strategies to protect minority groups, whether it is sex, race, religion, or national origin (Aamodt, 2014). The strategy should also include statics around minority groups that are not represented. An affirmative strategy will protect the organization against potential claims and lawsuits against preferential hiring or targeted recruitment. By organizations implementing a strategy and honoring these laws, it will aid in hire diversified employees forShow MoreRelatedQualitative Research Analysis Of Irritable Bowel Syndrome And Co Existing Psychological Illness1177 Words   |  5 Pages Qualitative Research Critical Appraisal The qualitative research is a subjective approach that used to describe life experiences and give them meaning. This assignment is a critical appraisal of the qualitative research article written by Dainty, Allcock and Cooper (2014) entitled: â€Å"Study of Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Co-Existing Psychological Illness†. The hermeneutic phenomenology design used throughout the study to understand the individual’s personal experience, the meaning of thoseRead MoreMpo Assignent Guideline4611 Words   |  19 Pagesrescheduling and any other unresolved MPO queries Name Your tutor Email Dr Shamika Almeida (Cosubject Coordinator) Shamika.almeida@uts.edu.au The assessment structure in this subject has been designed to test your understanding, critical thinking and essay writing skills in relation to the objectives set out at the beginning of this outline. The summary of the major assessments in this subject are found in the table below. Assessment Type Details Assessment 1 Individual Read MoreWinch-it Pty. Ltd: Company Analysis2804 Words   |  12 PagesThere are several areas of interest to be analysed that requires specific attention to assist in commencing an international operation. The five main areas of interest that are analysed covers: the organisational context, the staffing context, recruitment and selection, international compensation and performance management, and continued management and re-entry. Analysing the organisations’ organisational context, covered the international organisational structure and staffing approaches. RecommendationsRead MoreRole of Culture in Hrm Practices2179 Words   |  9 Pagesculture in recruitment 5 Identify Your Companys Culture 5 Using Culture for Recruitment 6 Team work Culture 6 Create a Culture of Teamwork 6 Case Study 7 Teamwork 7 People Excellence 7 Training and Development 7 Findings 8 Conclusion 8 Reference and Bibliography 9 Abstract This exploratory study examined the role of culture on some of key HRM practices, with more focussed approach on Recruitment, Training Development and Teamwork in the organisation in global context. The case study on how theRead MorePeople Management Development22130 Words   |  89 PagesDevelopment Scheme Assignment Document Consolidated Assignment Document CIPD ConsAss v3.2 9/09 2 Contents Introduction 5 Section 1 General Guidance 7 CIPD Assignment Guidance for Students General Guidance from your Tutors What Assignments must Demonstrate Suggested Approach for Putting an Assignment Together Generic Report Layout Marking Scheme Assignment Grading 7 10 13 14 15 16 21 Section 2 Assignments 29 Introduction 29 Leadership and Management Assignments 31 General NotesRead MoreCharacteristics Of My Best And Worst Performances1354 Words   |  6 Pages(for the critical areas of flight) for each performance enhancing and impairing (positive and negative) emotion of their Individual Zone of Optimal Functioning (IZOF) profile, we could add value to mission performance and safety. This could be one of many focus areas for my studies as an EdD student in Sport and Performance Psychology. For that reason, I went above and beyond on this assignment with detailed and deep self-exploration. Best performance ever. What was I feeling and thinking. HowRead MoreHuman Resource Management in Multinationals Essay5628 Words   |  23 Pages4 1. CONCEPTUAL INTRODUCTION 4 2. CHALLENGES IN MULTINATIONALS 5 2.1 Career blockage 6 2.2 Culture shock 6 2.3 Lack of cross cultural training 6 2.4 Family problems 6 3. MANAGING MULTICULTURAL TEAM 7 4. NEW ALTERNATIVE IN THE EXPATRIATE ASSIGNMENTS 8 5. RETAINING SUBSIDIARY STAFF’S RETENTION 9 METHODOLOGY 10 1. RESEARCH METHODS 10 2. RESEARCH PROCEDURE 11 3. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYZING 12 4. RESEARCH SCHEDULE 12 5. INTERVIEW 12 5.1 Interview plan 12 5.2 Level of Language 13 5.3Read MorePerformace Appraisal Methods in Relience, Maruti, Infosis, Wipro8784 Words   |  36 PagesPROJECT REPORT on â€Å"COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HUMAN RESOURCE PRACTICES IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY† [pic] A dissertation submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree in MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Amity global business school, Chandigarh Submitted to:- Submitted By:- Pro. Neha Walia Gurpreet kaur Gill MBA- 4thSem Read MoreStrategic Human Resource Management4089 Words   |  17 PagesContents 1. Introduction: 2 2. Strategic Human Resource Management Practices in Samsung: 2 2 a. Samsung overall introduce 3 2.b HRM challenge in Samsung 3 2 .c Samsung strategies 4 3. RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION 5 4. Career management and development 6 4.a HTP concept 7 5. Rewarding 8 6. DIVERSITY AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY 9 7. Employee welfare 10 Employee wage and welfare 10 Support for housing 10 Children’s education 10 Medical support 11 Support for retirement 11 8. Contribution to the national economyRead MoreA Positive Working Environment And Host Of Family Friendly Benefits2835 Words   |  12 Pagesmembers quit is the relationship with their first-line supervisor. The fact is many supervisors and managers are unaware how their actions and decisions affect employee turnover. A critical aspect of an effective retention strategy is manager training. Properly trained managers play a major role in an effective recruitment and retention strategy. Managers need the skills, tools, and knowledge to help them understand their employees retention needs and be able to implement a retention plan designed

Nursing The Child Client

Questions: 1. From the case study, identify the key issues of concern you have for Lachlan and his family. Explainhow/why you identified these issues/concerns. 2. Develop and discuss the care you would implement/introduce to support Lachlan to manage hischronic condition. 3. Discuss the developmental issues and challenges which Lachlan and his family face, e.g peerpressure, changing dependency relationships, seeking independence, risk taking behaviours. Considering Lachlans developmental age, what communication strategies and specificpractice models might you use when interacting with Lachlan and his family? Remember toconsider his rights and the familys rights, family and child centred care. Answers: 1. Lachlan is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Lachlan age is adolescent and this is most rapid age for growth and development both in terms of physical and psychological aspects. However, in case of Lachlan, his growth may stop due to his disease condition. In such scenario parents, society members and school teachers should force Lachlan to take care of himself. Lachlan is not much worried about his disease and health. Lachlan is more concentrating towards his sports activities and not towards his glucose record maintenance. He skipped to write few of his glucose records during his lunch time. Moreover, Lachlan is skipping his lunch for playing basketball. In the growing age of Lachlan, there should not be much effect on health by skipping one lunch. However, Lachlan case is different. He is suffering through type 1 diabetes mellitus and in this disease condition there is the possibility polyurea and consequent increased thirst, xerostomia and fatigue (Atkinson et al., 2014 ). These conditions may lead to the fall of Lachlan during his sports activities. In such scenario, family members of Lachlan and school teacher should give more attention to the health of Lachlan and convince him to take proper lunch before playing basketball. However, in case of Lachlan it seems, his mother is not giving much attention to his health and she is denying to administer insulin to Lachlan as she hates needles to be used for administration of insulin. His father is also not available on regular basis to administer insulin, as most of the time he is occupied with family business. Lachlan doesnt have enough understanding about the seriousness of the disease and administration of the insulin on the regular basis. Due all these circumstances, there is irregular administration of insulin to Lachlan and control of glucose level is difficult. Lachlan age is very active age and Lachlan is also no different from other same age children. He always tries to compete with his peers in a ll type of activities. However, it is not affordable in his case. It is evident form the case that Lachlan is not getting much attention from society members about his disease care. Lachlan age is very sensitive age and there is possibility that Lachlan may feel detached from society and it may have negative impact on his social and psychological development. Lachlan has to ride his bike for good amount of time for the lengthy distance. However, due to his disease condition he may get fatigued due to continuous bike riding and possibility of fall or accident (Benetos et al., 2013). 2. Most important nursing intervention required Lachlan is to educate him about his disease condition. Nurse should tell him importance of good health for his long term physical and psychological development. Lachlan age is capable of understanding the importance of good health. Nurse should tell him that he should be competitive enough to do all the activities like his peers. To achieve equality with his peers, he should be maintaining his health in good condition. To achieve this good health condition nurse should teach him about proper diet and maintenance of glucose level. Nurse should monitor Lachlan for increase in body weight and development of other disease like celiac disease hypertension, nephropathy, retinopathy, thyroid disease and dyslipidemia. Psychological diseases include delinquent behavior and depression (Franz et al., 2002). Nurse should tell Lachlan to take advantage of his age to control his glucose level. This is the age in which human physiology is most active and with proper medicine and diet he can control his glucose level. As age increases, it would be difficult for him to control his glucose level. Nurse should also educate him about the risk of overuse of medication for the glucose level control. Nurse should tell him that, there would be possibility of hypoglycemia due to the overuse of medication used for glucose control (Svoren et al., 2003). Nurse should educate Lachlan about the different types of insulin formulations available for the glucose control. So that, he can use these different formulations based on his convenience. If there is sudden increase in the glucose level he can use short acting insulin and if his glucose level is slightly higher and he wants to maintain it, he can use long acting insulin preparations. Nurse should advise him to consult physician on the regular basis for the proper administration of the insulin. Based on the level of glucose level, there would be change in the dose of the insulin. Consultation with the physician would be helpful to avoid overuse and underuse of insulin (Murphy, 2003). Nurse should tell him importance of self management of glucose level by using insulin. Nurse should convince him to manage glucose level on his own and to convince this, nurse should give examples of self management of glucose by other patients. To implement, self management of glucose in Lachlan, nurse should teach him glucose measurement technique like use of glucometre and functioning of glucometre. Nurse should also ask him to keep record of glucose measurement at multiple time points in a day and discuss it with the physician. So that, physician can analyze the pattern of his glucose level and amend the treatment strategy accordingly (Kirk and Stegner, 2010). Lachlan is very much interested in sports. However, nurse should advise him not play high energy requirement games, rather he should walk for about half an hour daily to keep proper check on his glucose level (Zisser et al., 2011). Diet is the most important factor for the control of glucose level in the patients with type 1 diabetes. In such scenario, nurse should make proper diet plan for Lachlan so that his glucose level would be in control and at the same time this diet would provide all the required nutrients for his growth. Diet in the adolescent age of Lachlan would have long term effect on his physical growth (Evert et al., 2013). 3. Peer Pressure: Lachlan age is more inclined towards their peers and children in this age would like to spend more time with their peers. However, in case of Lachlan it is not true. Due to type 1 diabetes Lachlan cannot participate in all the activities like his peers. Due to this, he may feel pressure on his own and there is possibility that he may feel isolated from his peers. In such scenario, parents of Lachlan should support him and give him confidence that he can participate in all the activities with his peers, once he recovered from type 1 diabetes (Gilmore and Meersand, 2013 ; Shek et al., 2011). Changing Dependency Relationships: In Lachlan age, children feel independent because they can perform most of their activities independently on their own without help of parents. They are physically and psychologically capable of doing all their activities and at the same time they prefer to spend more time with their peers and share everything with peers. This feeling independence from parents, may lead to disagreement between parents and Lachlan. Lachlan may not obey advice and instructions from his parents because he may feel pressurized due to their advice for maintaining his glucose level. Overall, this may lead to the improper management of Lachlans type 1 diabetes (Gilmore and Meersand, 2013; Shek et al., 2011). Seeking Independence: In adolescent age children become more confident about their all types of activities and try to be independent from their parents. If this independence is for positive activities, it would be fruitful for both Lachlan and his parents. Due to his independence, Lachlans parents may become happy. At the same time, parents should take care that, he should not misuse his independence for wrong activities. Parents should promote his independence in positive direction by giving him assurance that he can take care of his diabetes on his own. In this Lachlan age, may inclined more towards his peers. In such scenario parents should advise him to select his peers very carefully so that he would get good company and utilize his independence for positive outcome (Gilmore and Meersand, 2013; Shek et al., 2011). Risk Taking Behaviors: Male children of Lachlan age are more susceptible to risk taking behaviors such as smoking, alcohol consumption and addictive drugs. All these activities may lead to the inadequate management of diabetes in case of Lachlan. Parents of Lachlan should monitor his risk taking behaviors, so that he would not develop these risk taking behaviors (Gilmore and Meersand, 2013; Shek et al., 2011). 4.Lachlan age is adolescent age and this age is more dynamic age. In this age, there are rapid changes in the physical, psychological and emotional aspects of the Lachlan. Changes in all these parameters may lead to the inadequate management of diabetes in case of Lachlan. In case of physical parameters, there would be change in body weight and parents and nurse should advise him to change dose of insulin in relation to the change in body weight. Also, in his age control of glucose level is achievable with moderate treatment. Hence, nurse should advise parents and Lachlan to consult physician frequently so that there would not be overdose of insulin and consequent hypoglycemia. In this age Lachlan, would like to be independent in all his activities. Parents should exploit his independence positively and give him freedom and confidence to take care of his diabetes on his own. Nurse should make his parents aware of possibility of habitual development of smoking, alcohol consumption and drug addiction. Because all these activities would affect negatively to physical and mental development of Lachlan and also it would negatively affect proper management of diabetes in case of Lachlan (McWhinney and Freeman, 2009). Nurse should advise Lachlans parents that he should not feel socially isolated due to his diabetes. Because social isolation in this age would hinder his mental development. This may lead to the loss of confidence and it may affect his studies and other activities. Nurse should make realize parents that he should not feel mediocre as compared to his peers. This may happen because Lachlan would not be able to perform all the activities like his peers. This isolation can be prevented by maintaining privacy of his diabetes. Adolescent age of Lachlan is preferred to spend more time with his peers. Nurse should advise parents to take advantage of this and ask his peers to monitor his eating habits and exercise, which would be helpful to control his glucose level. Nurse should also advise his parents to take help of his peers for his glucose control (McCarthy and Kushner, 2007). References: Atkinson, M.A., Eisenbarth, G.S., and Michels, A.W. (2014). Type 1 diabetes. Lancet, 383(9911), pp. 6982. Benetos, A., Novella, J., Guerci, B et al., (2013). Pragmatic Diabetes Management in Nursing Homes: Individual Care Plan. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 14(11), pp. 791800. Evert, A.B., Boucher, J.L., Cypress, M., Dunbar, S.A., et al., (2013). Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 36(11), pp. 3821-42. Franz, M.J., Bantle, J.P., Beebe, C.A., Brunzell, J.D., et al., (2002). Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes Care, 25, pp. 148198. Gilmore, K. J., and Meersand, P. (2013). Normal Child and Adolescent Development: A Psychodynamic Primer. American Psychiatric Publications. Kirk, J.K., and Stegner, J. (2010). Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose: Practical Aspects. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 4(2), pp. 435439. McCarthy, M. and Kushner, J. (2007). The Everything Parent's Guide To Children With Juvenile Diabetes. Adamas Media. McWhinney, I. R, and Freeman, T. (2009). Textbook of Family Medicine. Oxford University Press. Murphy, N.P., Keane, S.M., Ong, K.K., Ford-Adams, M., Edge, J.A., Acerini, C.L., and Dunger, D.B. (2003). Randomized cross-over trial of insulin glargine plus lispro or NPH insulin plus regular human insulin in adolescents with type 1 diabetes on intensive insulin regimens. Diabetes Care, 26, pp. 799804. Shek, D. T.L., Ma, H. K. and Sun, R.C.F. (2011). A Brief Overview of Adolescent Developmental Problems in Hong Kong. Scientific World Journal. 11, pp. 22432256. Svoren, B.M., Butler, D., Levine, B.S., Anderson, B.J., and Laffel, L.M. (2003). Reducing acute adverse outcomes in youths with type 1 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics, 112, pp. 914922. Zisser, H., Gong, P., Kelley, C.M., Seidman, J.S., Riddell, M.C. (2011). Exercise and diabetes. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 65(170), pp. 7175.

Organizational Perspectives Human and Financial Resources

Question: Discuss about theOrganizational Perspectives for Human and Financial Resources. Answer: Introduction: Although it is a known fact that any organization achieves success or encounters failure, depending on the way it manages its human and financial resources, it is important to note that the management of the former largely depends on what organizational perspective is being adopted by the management authority In simpler terms, the management authority of any company manages, improves or even transforms the operation of its organizations, based on the application of either of the four organizational perspective theories- the modernist theory, the symbolic interpretive theory, the critical theory and the post modernist theory. Each employee working in an organization is compelled indirectly to embrace and imbibe the knowledge created by the organization, regarding what should constitute the duties, obligations or rights of the organization, and the employees, being a part of the system, fail to question the validity of the assumptions, and consequently suffer from social stratification and organizational inequality (Shafritz and Jang 2015). Hence, in the context of the organizational perspectives exhibiting different narratives about the organizational inequality, the following essay intends to discuss and analyze the two organizational perspectives- the critical theory perspective and the symbolic interpretive perspective. Discussion: The Critical Theory of organizational perspective attempts to evaluate as well as challenge and question the commonplace assumptions prevailing and dominating any workplace in todays world. While discussing about the critical theory, it is highly important to refer to the view of ideology as propounded by Karl Marx who indeed had a very remarkable influence on this theory of organizational perspective. According to Marx, in any capitalist market, the bourgeoisie group o people would distort what constitutes reality in order to facilitate their exploitation of the laborers (Hatch and Cunliffe 2013). Thus, the ideology that governs the workplace policies of an organization, is primarily formulated by the higher class, that is the management authority of an organization, who compels the exploited proletariats embrace their socially constructed ideologies to be the ulterior truths and ultimate facts. In the famous article Deconstructing the Privilege and Power of Employee Engagement: Iss ues of Inequality for Management and Human Resource Development, the authors rightly assert how employee engagement becomes the success mantra for the employees, that compels each employee to work with greater dedications, so as to accomplish greater power, and yet the employees fail to realize that the real power belongs to the management authority (Shuck et al. 2016). No wonder, this leads to employee exploitation, and yet the employees are usually so absorbed in their ideological perceptions of what functional roles they should play in the company, that they fail to realize the same. Ontologically speaking, the critical theory emphasizes and reinforces the presence of a reality that exists independent of the knowledge of the employees working in an organization. The authors of the article rightly point out that although employee engagement is an important concept that promotes organizational success, by actively involving the employees, the outcome of the same is not as beneficial as the employees believe them to be (Zelwegger et al. 2013). In other words, any organization can operate its business activities with the equal and same level participation of the employees, with some employees doing manual work, others supervising the same. This is how an organization works in reality. However, epistemologically speaking, a subjective truth exists, that is governed by the ideological perceptions of hard work, higher power and greater personal accomplishment. While different employees have different levels of specialization, and consequently offer service in various professional fields in the company, there is no need to segregate the employees according to power and social status. However, the management authority of an organization purposively separates the employees to keep them engaged. This form of social stratification indeed tempts the employees to work harder, the harder they work the higher they can reach. Even if the pay-scale would not differ to a considerable extent, the employees on being promoted to a higher designation would feel more motivated (Shuck et al. 2016). Thus, although the companys expenditure on the employees is not very likely to increase, it will undoubtedly enhance the participation of the employees by elevating their spirits. The organ ization creates false ideological perceptions of power and superiority of ranks that can be solely accomplished through hard work and longer hours of dedication towards the workplace. The organization creates a system of social stratification, whereby the employees working in higher designations enjoy separate rooms, or respectable titles to be addressed with, and other amenities that ignite the desire among the remaining employees to achieve similar promotion (Hoobler et al. 2014). However, although many employees will work harder, work overtime, not the skills of everyone will be recognized in the process. Though the companys expenditure on the higher salary of the employees remains limited, given that not all the employees are promoted, the organization enjoys an overall increase in the average rate of employee participation and active engagement within the company. The organization stratifies and creates new positions, within the entity, and attaches meanings to each one, such a s higher position implies greater social status and instills greater pride, or commands greater respect. The organizational culture experienced by the employees set standards that in turn offer challenges to the employees, they wish to overcome, while reaching something higher. The Critical theory asserts that even if the truth that the company is ultimately benefitting from the higher rate of employee engagement, is known to the employees, they will keep on toiling to ensure greater power, privilege and security to be enjoyed in future. Unless the organization creates a sense of meaning and purpose to the repetitive work done by an employee, the employee will lose his motivation and purpose at work, and will start questioning over the issues of exploitation of labor- such as low pay-scale or unpaid overtime duties (Gond et al. 2015). Hence, the idea is to create a meaningfulness and attaching a sense of personal accomplishment, This explains why the organization willingly creates a nd encourages employee inequality at workplace, so that the employees ca strive to work with greater productivity and efficiency rate. The company sets standards, creates employee inequality, designs new job designations heightening a sense of hierarchy, and cultivate the ideological perceptions among the people, regarding the importance of achieving greater social status through higher designations. This in turn would inevitably lead to greater dedication, often implying working overtime without additional pay, and the employees would unknowingly participate in their own exploitation. The Symbolist Interpretive perspective is also an important theory that deals with the social construction of reality. As opposed to the aforementioned perspective, that challenges the inherent ideological perceptions building inequality at workplace, the present perspective highlights how the traditional ideas and values of the society indirectly affect how an organization is administered (Rafaeli and Pratt 2013). According to this perspective, commonplace assumptions of social life pervade and dominate the organizational management as well. An entity will fail to look at the objective version of truth, because of the subjective awareness of the facts deemed to be truth by the same. The symbol interpretive perspective believes that any form of truth is highly subjective, and that it varies from person to person, and according to time, place and context. The interpretive as well as the symbolic acts or gestures more than often determine the business administration of an organization, and consequently create inequality (Coutinho 2017). In the article Trapped by Metaphors for Organizations: Thinking and Seeing Womens Equality and Inequality rightly examine how the social perceptions about gender roles, inherent in the society ultimately determines the participation of women in the organizations (Kemp 2016). The occupational inequality as per the sexual identity of the employees has been a common problem in organizations. Max Weber has rightly pointed out that an individual perceives reality in the light of his past experiences, and usually fails to perceive the same, by distancing himself from the traditional perceptions of organizational life. For example, women have always been socially interpreted as beings that are capable of nurturing and caring people, and doing the jobs that involve heart rather than the intellect (Johansson et al. 2016). Consequently, the organizations usually tend to deem women befitting the job roles of a front line executive, customer care executive or a Human Resource expert, while the m anagerial decisions are usually being allowed to be taken by the male employees. Such ideological, biased interpretations of the employee expertise contribute to workplace inequality (Afraz et al. 2015). Epistemologically speaking, the theory upholds that truth in itself is highly subjective and that the interpretation of the truth largely depends on how the meaning of the social discourse is being construed and constructed. The important fact here is that any kind of idea deemed to be true or factual is but only a mere socially constructed thought that needs to be challenged. In case of organizations working under patriarchal setup, will necessarily be prone to promote male employees, even though the female employees possess equal or more expertise, professional skills and knowledge (Kemp 2016). As the article suggests, women have always been metaphorically interpreted to be fragile and creative individuals, who are deemed fit for professions that involve communication, care and creativity. On the other hand, men have been always considered fit for managerial duties, such as administrators and managers or CEOs. As shown in Images of Organization, no matter how much successful and ef fective a business strategy is, if it is formulated by a woman, it will be defined as a daughter strategy that needs to be implemented only after the proper supervision by a male employee. According to the symbolic interpretive perspective theory, the gender stratification exists within an organization only because male supremacy and female socialization permeate the social discourse that gets spread through social interaction. The women have always been socialized to believe that they deserve to be placed in subordinate positions, only to be dominated and guided by some male employee (Newman 2014). The job roles of the males have always been interpreted to be something related to guide, mentor and lead, while that of the female employees have been traditionally conceived to work under supervision and in compliance with the leaders. The symbolic interpretive theory of organizational perspective upholds that the personal point of view of an individual is largely guided and determined by the social forces that has shaped his perception about the world, and that he fails to interrogate or challenge the commonplace perceptions, simply because he interprets the commonplace facts to be real. The women have been historically considered to be docile and fragile individual, who are powerless, and consequently a female employee ended up remaining a second sex, who being the other can never prove to be professionally equivalent to the male counterparts. The male employees have been continuously identified with the images of a Father or a Warrior within the organization, who is expected to participate more actively in the managerial decisions, bring bout drastic change, and ensure the long-term sustenance of the company. It is important to note that even business terms, such as the image of a stag leader, is inherently associated with a male figure, and as for the female ones, there is no word as a doe leader (Basford et al. 2014). Consequently, unlike the male employees, the female employees have little professional choices at workplaces, and they are left with no option but to encounter workplace inequality and to remain content with little or no corporate growth (Zellweger et al. 2013). Conclusion: To conclude, each of the four above-mentioned organizational perspectives has a distinct approach in managing the employees, and cultivating specific organizational cultures. In order to make a systematic sense of the organizational structure and culture, the companies often distort reality to compel employees to work harder and keep them motivated, while sometimes the inherent symbols pervading the social discourse deprives some employees from just privileges. Thus, the companies often adopt organizational perspectives which end up creating workplace inequality. Reference List: Afraz, A., Boyden, E.S. and DiCarlo, J.J., 2015. Optogenetic and pharmacological suppression of spatial clusters of face neurons reveal their causal role in face gender discrimination.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,112(21), pp.6730-6735. Basford, T.E., Offermann, L.R. and Behrend, T.S., 2014. Do you see what I see? Perceptions of gender microaggressions in the workplace.Psychology of Women Quarterly,38(3), pp.340-349. Cornelissen, J.P. and Werner, M.D., 2014. Putting framing in perspective: A review of framing and frame analysis across the management and organizational literature.Academy of Management Annals,8(1), pp.181-235. Coutinho, A., 2017. Book review: Katja Pelsmaekers, Geert Jacobs and Craig Rollo (eds), Trust and Discourse: Organizational Perspectives. Gond, J.P., Cabantous, L., Harding, N. and Learmonth, M., 2015. What do we mean by performativity in organizational and management theory? The uses and abuses of performativity.International Journal of Management Reviews. Hatch, M.J. and Cunliffe, A.L., 2013.Organization theory: modern, symbolic and postmodern perspectives. Oxford university press. Hoobler, J.M., Lemmon, G. and Wayne, S.J., 2014. Womens managerial aspirations an organizational development perspective.Journal of Management,40(3), pp.703-730. Johansson, S. and Arvidson, M., 2016. To fight evil or promote good: Four organizational perspectives on individuals in violent environments and prevention work around them.SOCIOLOGISK FORSKNING,53(4), pp.345-370. Kemp, L.J., 2016. Trappedby metaphors for organizations: Thinking and seeing womens equality and inequality.human relations,69(4), pp.975-1000. Langley, A. and Tsoukas, H. eds., 2016.A process perspective on organizational routines(p. 323). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Newman, C., 2014. Time to address gender discrimination and inequality in the health workforce.Human resources for health,12(1), p.25. Rafaeli, A. and Pratt, M.G., 2013.Artifacts and organizations: Beyond mere symbolism. Psychology Press. Sessa, V.I. and London, M., 2015.Continuous learning in organizations: Individual, group, and organizational perspectives. Psychology Press. Shafritz, J.M., Ott, J.S. and Jang, Y.S., 2015.Classics of organization theory. Cengage Learning. Shuck, B., Collins, J.C., Rocco, T.S. and Diaz, R., 2016. Deconstructing the Privilege and Power of Employee Engagement: Issues of Inequality for Management and Human Resource Development.Human Resource Development Review,15(2), pp.208-229. Zellweger, T.M., Nason, R.S., Nordqvist, M. and Brush, C.G., 2013. Why do family firms strive for nonfinancial goals? An organizational identity perspective.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,37(2), pp.229-248.